Explain how cell signaling pathways in prokaryotes and eukaryotes demonstrate conservation of major features over time

Eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells are distant living things as they have differences even on the cellular level (i.e. the presence of a nuclear membrane, rRNA differences). Although even with these differences, the molecular biology especially for cellular metabolism and signaling pathways are conserved. One of the more common signaling pathway that is seen in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes is the G-protein pathway which involves a seven pass or serpentine protein with an intrinsic GTPase activity (hence the name) which then signal either the production of cAMP or IP3/DAG wherein these second messengers will activate certain protein kinases that will phosphorylate specific proteins and enzymes and regulate cells’ function. 

the answers are as following:

1. c. double helix, nucleosome, coil, supercoil, chromosome

2. b. g2 phase, preparation for mitosis

3. d. interphase consists of the g1, s, and g2 phases

4. c. metaphase

5. a. chromosomes are duplicated before cell division so that each new daughter cell has a complete set

those characteristics are cellular organization, reproduction, metabolism, homeostasis, heredity, response to stimuli, growth and development, and adaptation through evolution. some things, such as a virus, demonstrate only a few of these characteristics and are, therefore, not alive