In hemoglobin, the shift from glutamic acid to valine is considered what type of mutation?

Point mutation

Explanation:

Change in single nucleotide of the DNA is referred to as point mutation. In hemoglobin, point mutation replaces the "adenine base" by "thymine" at the 17th nucleotide of the hemoglobin beta gene. This single nucleotide mutation replace the codon GAG (glutamic acid) to GTG (which encodes amino acid valine) and causes sickle cell anemia.

"a scientist studying a whale and its surroundings would need to understand the structure of atoms in case something was negatively affecting the whale or its surroundings."

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