The second law of thermodynamics states that

"The amount of entropy of any thermodynamically isolated system tends to increase over time until it reaches a maximum value"

Explanation:

The second law imposes limits on heat conversion processes at work. The result of the second law is that the complete conversion of heat to work is impossible. One must, however, note that there is no objection to converting any amount of work into heat, but note that the reverse is not possible. The opposite is not possible.

 Historically, the content of thermodynamics began with the study of the properties of basic thermal machines. Thermal machine means any device which, operating in cycles, absorb heat, convert part of it into work, and reject the rest. Placed in terms of limitation of thermal machines, the second law can be established by saying that none of them can absorb heat and make it fully work.  This is the practical orientation of the second law. Undoubtedly, the science of thermodynamics began with the analysis of the problem of how to build the best and most efficient thermal machine. This task was performed brilliantly by French engineer Sadi Carnot, and this is one of the few cases where engineering has contributed fundamentally to physical theory.

answer: - few nutrients

high pressure

low temperatures

explanation: 1. few nutrients:   open-ocean zone is located way far from the land, which is the main source of the essential nutrients.2. high pressure: pressure increases by 1 atmosphere for every 10 meters increase in depth.3. ample sunlight: a large fraction of the sunlight is reflected back to the atmosphere from the sea surface. 4. varying salinity: below the thermocline, the water is isolated from the atmosphere so the salinity remains stable over the year.5. low temperatures:   the temperature of open-ocean zone ranges from a low of -2°c to an average of 17°c