Classify each definition or example as a somatic mutation, gametic (germline) mutation, or both.

Somatic mutation 

This happens in a single cell of a developing somatic tissue. This cell is the progenitor of a population of identical mutant cells, all of which have descended from the cell that mutated. Additionally, they do not occur in cells that give rise to gametes; therefore, the mutation cannot be passed on to descendants by sexual means. Somatic mutation are often called acquired mutation because the change in genetic structure is not inherited from a parent for they do not affect the germline. Thus, to maintain the mutation, the individual containing the mutation must be clone.

Example: In red delicious apple, the mutant allele that determine the golden color of an apple arose in a flower’s ovary wall, which eventually developed into a fleshy part of the apple. The seeds are not mutant so it will still give rise to red apple tree. Therefore, the golden delicious apple originally arose from a mutant branch of a red delicious apple tree.

Germline mutation

If a gene is altered in a germ cell, the mutation is called germinal mutation. Germline tissue is set aside in the course of development to form sex cells. Germ cells gives rise to gametes, so if a mutant sex cell participates in the fertilization, then the mutation will be passed on to the next generation. Moreover, germinal mutations will not be expressed in the individual containing the mutation.

Example: A hereditary case of albinism are often link to germline mutation where individual of this disorder are more prone to many types of cancers and may have impaired visions.

transcription is a process in which information is rewritten. it is something our cells must do, in a more specialized and narrowly defined way. in biology, transcription is the process of copying out the dna sequence of a gene in the similar alphabet of rna. it needs to happen in the nucleus because that's where the dna is. dna is always inside the nucleus unless the cell is dividing.

transcription is the first step in gene expression, which involves copying a gene's dna sequence to make an rna molecule. transcription is performed by rna polymerases. it has three stages: initiation, elongation, and termination. rna molecules must be processed after transcription in eukaryotes.

explanation:

long version:

the protein synthesis consists two processes which are, transcription and translation. transcription takes place in the nucleus. it uses dna as a template to make an rna molecule. rna then leaves the nucleus and goes to a ribosome in the cytoplasm, where translation occurs. transcription is the first part of the central dogma of molecular biology: dna → rna. it is the transfer of genetic instructions in dna to messenger rna (mrna). during transcription, a strand of mrna is made that is complementary to a strand of dna.  

these three stages are:

  initiation: in which   is the beginning of transcription.occuring when the enzyme rna polymerase binds to a region of a gene called the promoter. this signals the dna to unwind so the enzyme can ‘‘read’’ the bases in one of the dna strands. the enzyme is now ready to make a strand of mrna with a complementary sequence of bases.

    elongation: in which is the addition of nucleotides to the mrna strand. rna polymerase reads the unwound dna strand and builds the mrna molecule, using complementary base pairs. there is a brief time during this process when the newly formed rna is bound to the unwound dna. during this process, an adenine (a) in the dna binds to an uracil (u) in the rna.

    termination: in which is the ending of transcription, and occurs when rna polymerase crosses a stop (termination) sequence in the gene. the mrna strand is complete, and it detaches from dna.