When you listen to music the sound waves are converted into neural impulses for your brain to process this is called?

The process is called Transduction.

Explanation:

Transduction, specifically sensory transduction, converts sensory stimulus, for this case, auditory, to neural signals which may be then interpreted by the brain at the temporal primary auditory cortex.

This process is accomplished by the Organ of Corti, a part of the cochlea, which is located at the basilar membrane. The Organ of Corti contains 2 types of hair cells, inner and outer. The inner hair cells translate vibrations to neural signals from the movement of the stereocilia. The outer hair cells are 'pre-amplifiers' which tunes the frequencies accordingly to the type of sounds perceived like hushed voices or blasting music.

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