The average time to death from starvation in a fruit fly is about 20 hours. selecting for increased starvation resistance in fruit flies: a. can produce populations in which the average time to death from starvation is 160 hours. b. has no effect because it is too complex a physiological process, dependent upon the effects of too many genes. c. has little effect because constant mutation reduces starvation resistance, counteracting any benefits from selection. d. has no effect because it is not a trait that influences fruit fly fitness. e. can double this, at which point the genetic variation for this trait is exhausted.

The dna in a cell’s nucleus encodes proteins that are eventually targeted to every membrane and compartment in the cell, as well as proteins that are targeted for secretion from the cell. for example, consider these two proteins: phosphofructokinase (pfk) is an enzyme that functions in the cytoplasm during glycolysis. insulin, a protein that regulates blood sugar levels, is secreted from specialized pancreatic cells. assume that you can track the cellular locations of these two proteins from the time that translation is complete until the proteins reach their final destinations.for each protein, identify its targeting pathway: the sequence of cellular locations in which the protein is found from when translation is complete until it reaches its final (functional) destination. (note that if an organelle is listed in a pathway, the location implied is inside the organelle, not in the membrane that surrounds the organelle.)

In a cross between individuals of a species of tropical fish, all of the male offspring have long tail fins, and none of the females possess the trait. mating two of the f1 fish fails to produce females with the trait. explain the inheritance pattern of the trait.

What is the difference between how ionic and covalent bonds form