On the galapagos one of the members of the founder species of finches was born with a larger beak than the others. this advantageous trait spread through the population enough to lead to a whole new species. what would most likely have happened to the first finch with the big beak if it had been born on the continent of south america? a. it would not have had any finches with which to mate. b. it would have produced offspring with small beaks. c. it would have outcompeted the other finches in the area. d. it would have been outcompeted by other organisms in the area.

fertilization, pictured in figure 24.23a is the process in which gametes (an egg and sperm) fuse to form a zygote. the egg and sperm each contain one set of chromosomes. to ensure that the offspring has only one complete diploid set of chromosomes, only one sperm must fuse with one egg. in mammals, the egg is protected by a layer of extracellular matrix consisting mainly of glycoproteins called the zona pellucida. when a sperm binds to the zona pellucida, a series of biochemical events, called the acrosomal reactions, take place. in placental mammals, the acrosome contains digestive enzymes that initiate the degradation of the glycoprotein matrix protecting the egg and allowing the sperm plasma membrane to fuse with the egg plasma membrane, as illustrated in figure 24.23b. the fusion of these two membranes creates an opening through which the sperm nucleus is transferred into the ovum. the nuclear membranes of the egg and sperm break down and the two haploid genomes condense to form a diploid genome.

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