Based on this genetic information, which phylogenetic tree is most parsimonious?.

Nucleic acid certain protein cell membranes certain carbohydrates

If assuming tasting ptc as a simple gene trait,what other genotype would you select to put in this missing genotype box that could result in this phenotype

Jason adds the antibiotic penicillin to a bacterial culture. the bacteria develop genetic modifications in their genome, which gives them resistance to the antibiotic penicillin. what caused this genetic modification?