A mutation would have an effect on

molecules.

A mutation that cause changes to short stretches of nucleotides. These mutations affect the specific genes that provide instructions for various functional molecules, including protein . changes in these molecules can have impact on any number of an organism's physical characteristics

this protocol provides a detailed procedure for co-immunoprecipitation (co-ip) to identify protein–protein interactions.

a tetrad is the foursome during meiosis made by two homologous chromosomes that have each already replicated into a pair of sister chromatids.