For a protein with a binding association constant of 2.3*106 M-1 for a ligand, at what concentration of ligand will it be 50% bound

the answer is; comparing the frequency of collisions with and without the device

this makes the anti-collision system an independent variable and the collisions a dependent variable. if there are fewer collisions with an anti-collision system that without, then it can be stated that the system is a success. essentially, collisions under an anti-collision system are compared with the frequency of collisions by cars with the human drivers.

the answer will be a) proteins i believe