Intestinal epithelial cells pump glucose into the cell against its concentration gradient using the Na -glucose symporter. If the sodium ion concentration outside the cell is 139 mM, and inside the cell is 19.0 mM, and the cell potential is -52.0 MV, calculate the maximum energy available for pumping a mole of glucose into the cell. Assume the temperature is 37oC.

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biology is the study of life. it is the study of living organism.

igneous rocks which formed by the crystallization of magma at the surface of the earth called extrusive rocks. they are characterized by fine-grained textures because the rapid cooling at or near the surface did not provide enough time for large crystals to grow.

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