How to find net charge for chemical bonds?

Acladogram is a branching diagram that represents suggested evolutionary relationships among organisms based on the presence of unique traits. a scientist discovers a new organism that lacks limbs and does not have a true backbone. the organism lays eggs to produce offspring and has a cartilage-like rod known as a notochord running along its dorsal surface. on the cladogram below, select the species to which the newly discovered organism is most closely related.

Describe the response the kidneys have to dehydration and excessive water intake. what happens to the concentration of urine in each case ?

What element does susan b. anthony include in this passage to strengthen her argument?