Clostridium tetani is a bacterial species that causes disease by secreting proteins that disrupt normal neurological function. Without this ability, C. tetani would not be able to cause disease. Preformed antibodies can be used to treat the disease caused by this bacterium. What would you suspect the preformed antibodies are specific to?

All living organisms are composed of a. only one cell. b. at least 100 cells. c. at least three cells. d. one or more cells.

In what part of a chloroplast does glucose production occur? a. atp synthase b. photosystem ii c. photosystem d. stroma

Which is an advantage of having memory cells when a pathogen is encountered for a second time. a) the memory cells are what proliferate into clones of cells in response to the binding of an antigen. b) memory cells are vital to the primary immune response in that they immediately recognize pathogens even at the first encounter. c) memory cells are essentially effector cells that are short lived and attack antigens even without having a receptor specific to that antigen. d) it ensures that more lymphocytes with a receptor specific to a particular antigen will be present than in a host that had never encountered that pathogen.