What is the ethical dilemma associated with randomized controlled studies for suspected causes of disease such as cigarette smoking? a. The prevalence of disease within the study cannot be controlled.
b. The effect of the disease is too detrimental to the health of those involved within the study to allow them to be voluntarily exposed to a suspected cause of disease.
c. Incidence of disease is often determined to be too low to conduct a randomized controlled trial.
d. It is difficult to establish definitive contributory cause even with a high-quality randomized controlled trial.

b. The effect of the disease is too detrimental to the health of those involved within the study to allow them to be voluntarily exposed to a suspected cause of disease.

Explanation:

Randomized controlled studies assess the relationship between cause and effect. There are usually two groups in this study. The first group is the experimental group which is exposed to the treatment or intervention to be assessed while the second group is the control group which is given no treatment or given a placebo.

As it relates to the question, the experimental group is exposed to cigarettes to determine the effect of this exposure. This can have an adverse health effect on the experimental group, hence, this is an ethical dilemma.

humans are now responsible for causing changes in the environment that hurt animals and plant species. we take up more space on earth for our homes and cities. we pollute habitats. human activity often changes or destroys the habitats that plants and animals need to survive.