A 43-year-old Caucasian man with a 20-year history of bipolar disorder presents for the first time with long-term polyuria and polydipsia. He previously took lithium for mood stabilization for 15 years before initiating divalproex sodium therapy. He stopped using lithium because of the polyuria, but he felt that the polyuria never fully subsided. His weight is stable, and he has no other urinary complaints. His blood pressure is 115/80 mmHg and his physical exam is normal. His urinalysis shows no blood, cells, protein, glucose, nitrate, casts, or crystals. What is the most likely cause of his polyuria?
1 Central diabetes insipidus
2 Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
3 Polyuria secondary to hyperglycemia
4 Polyuria following acute kidney injury
5 Polyuria secondary to polydipsia

The correct option is 2 Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.

Explanation:

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) occurs when the renal tubule response to vasopressin (ADH) is weakened, resulting in the excretion of large volumes of dilute urine.

As the renal tubules do not respond to vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone) and are unable to reabsorb filtered water back into the body, the kidneys create a high volume of dilute urine in nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) can be inherited or develop as a result of disorders that impede the ability of the kidneys to concentrate.

Therefore, the correct option is 2 Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.

That is, the most likely cause of his polyuria is nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.

protocol for imps extraction focusing on membrane protein extraction, solubilisation, and purification.

interphase

the period of cell growth when the cell synthesizes new molecules and organelles. the cell is not dividing and it constitutes the majority of the time spent in the cell cycle

prophase

changes occur in the nucleus and cytoplasm. the chromatin condenses to form structures (sister chromatids) visible with a light microscope and the mitotic spindle begins to form, but the nucleus is still in tact

prometaphase

the nuclear envelope fragments and the spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of the sister chromatids

metaphase

all the cell's duplicated chromosomes are lined up at an imaginary plane equidistant between the poles of the mitotic spindle

anaphase

begins when sister chromatids separate from each other and ending when a complete set of daughter chromosomes arrives at each of the two poles of the cell

telophase

the daughter nuclei form at the two poles of a cell

cytokinesis

the division of a cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells. usually occurs during telophase during mitosis. this and mitosis make up to mitotic (m) phase of the cell cycle