A study was conducted to evaluate the relationship between artificial sweeteners and bladder cancer. 3,000 cases and 3,000 controls were enrolled in the study. Among the cases, 1293 had used artificial sweeteners in the past, while 1707 had never used artificial sweeteners. Of the controls, 855 had used sweeteners and 2145 had not. a. What is the exposure and what is the disease?

Calculate the correct measure and show your work.
How do we interpret this effect estimate?

A. exposure - use of artificial sweeteners

disease - bladder cancer

In this research artificial sweeteners are used as the exposure that leads to bladder cancer disease.

B.                                 Bladder cancer          No bladder cancer

Artificial sweeteners      1293(a)                       855(b)

No artificial sweeteners  1707(c)                      2145(d)

Total                                3000                        3000

Cases -

- Risk factor (Artificial sweeteners) present (1293)

-   Risk factor (Artificial sweeteners) absent (1707)

Controls

- Risk factor (Artificial sweeteners) present (855)

- Risk factor (Artificial sweeteners) absent (2145)

Odds ratio or strength of association between exposure and disease

OR= Cases with exposure/cases without exposure= a/c divided by b/d

So, the putting value ad/bc= 1293*2145/855*1707

= 1.9

OR would be 1.9

C. this interprets that there is a 90% increase in the chance of bladder cancer if exposed to artificial sweeteners or people with bladder cancer have a 1.90 times higher odds of using artificial sweeteners compared to controls

your answer should be c) enjoy!