In the anatomical position, the face and arms are on the __(1)__ body surface; the buttocks and shoulder blades are on the __(2)__ body surface; and the top of the headis the most __(3)__ part of the body. The ears are __(4)__ to the shoulders and __(5)__ to the nose. The heart is __(6)__ to the vertebral column (spine) and __(7)__ to the lungs. The elbow is __(8)__ to the fingers but __(9)__ to the shoulder. The abdominopelvic cavity is __(10)__ to the thoracic cavity and __(11)__ to the spinal cavity. In humans, the dorsal surface can also be called the __(12)__ surface; however, in quadruped animals, the dorsal surface is the __(13)__ surface.

To answer this question, researchers studied populations of the dusky salamander (desmognathus ochrophaeus) living on different mountain ranges in the southern appalachian mountains. the researchers tested the reproductive isolation of pairs of salamander populations by leaving one male and one female together and later checking the females for the presence of sperm. four mating combinations were tested for each pair of populations (a and b)—two within the same population (female a with male a and female b with male b) and two between populations (female a with male b and female b with male a). the proportion of successful matings for each mating combination was measured. for example, when all the matings of a particular combination were successful, the researchers gave it a value of 1; when none of the matings were successful, they gave it a value of 0. then the researchers calculated an index of reproductive isolation that ranged from 0 (no isolation) to 2 (full isolation). the reproductive isolation value for two populations is the sum of the proportion of successful matings of each type within populations (aa + bb) minus the sum of the proportion of successful matings of each type between populations (ab + ba). the table provides data for the geographic distances and reproductive isolation values for 27 pairs of dusky salamander populations.

Many body systems work together for proper functioning of the body and to maintain internal homeostasis. the works to break down food eaten before exercising. the takes in the nutrients obtained from the food. the body sweats as a mechanism to cool off, because the is working to flush out toxins.

Monarch butterflies have brightly colored orange wings with black patterns on them, making them easily visible to birds that eat butterflies and moths, yet birds rarely eat the monarchs. likewise, the monarch caterpillars are brightly striped yellow and white and black, and they also are rarely eaten by birds, although some wasps will attack them and feed them to their young. what can be inferred from these observations? monarchs must threaten and attack birds, but not wasps. monarchs have a way of discouraging bird predation that does not involve hiding. monarchs’ wings are so colorful that most birds must find them difficult to eat. monarchs lay more eggs than other less conspicuous butterflies.