What are the steps involved in making a protein? Introduction
Before a protein can be built, the biochemical blueprints for its construction must be packaged and
transferred out of the DNA “library.” First, the specific sequence of DNA that codes for the protein
is transcribed into a complementary strand of mRNA. In eukaryotic cells, the mRNA then leaves the
nucleus and enters the cytoplasm. In all cells, the mRNA molecule attaches to a ribosome, where
tRNA anticodons translate the mRNA into amino acids. The completed amino acid chain, or
polypeptide, then folds into its final shape as a protein.
In this lab, you will model transcription of DNA and translation of mRNA while you decode secret
messages.
Skills Focus
Use Models, Sequence

Pre-Lab Questions
1. Sequence Describe briefly the process you will use to decode the messages.

2. Compare and Contrast What role do stop codons play in protein synthesis? What are they used
for in the coded messages?

3. Predict Which six letters will not appear in the coded messages? Give a reason for your answer.

To answer this question, researchers studied populations of the dusky salamander (desmognathus ochrophaeus) living on different mountain ranges in the southern appalachian mountains. the researchers tested the reproductive isolation of pairs of salamander populations by leaving one male and one female together and later checking the females for the presence of sperm. four mating combinations were tested for each pair of populations (a and b)—two within the same population (female a with male a and female b with male b) and two between populations (female a with male b and female b with male a). the proportion of successful matings for each mating combination was measured. for example, when all the matings of a particular combination were successful, the researchers gave it a value of 1; when none of the matings were successful, they gave it a value of 0. then the researchers calculated an index of reproductive isolation that ranged from 0 (no isolation) to 2 (full isolation). the reproductive isolation value for two populations is the sum of the proportion of successful matings of each type within populations (aa + bb) minus the sum of the proportion of successful matings of each type between populations (ab + ba). the table provides data for the geographic distances and reproductive isolation values for 27 pairs of dusky salamander populations.

The picture represents a structure of the respiratory system. which is the function of this structure? to bring air into the body to exchange oxygen with carbon dioxide to carry air to the lungs to release oxygen from the body

Yeast cells reproduce quickly by budding. this is a form of reproduction so all the yeast cells a) sexual; vary b) asexual; vary c) asexual; are identical d) sexual; differ from the parents submit hint structures and functions of cells cellular reproduction