4. As you move up the trophic levels, how much energy is available to consumers from the level below? Where would you expect to find the most
energy?

we solve the problem using the hardy-wineberg equation.

let us start with the homozygous recessive proportion of individuals with sickle cell anaemia,

we have the proportion as q² = 0.25.

∴ q = 0.5 (frequency of hbs in population)

further,

solving for the frequency of normal cell by using the fact that,

p + q = 1

∴ p = 1 - 0.5 = 1 - 0.5 = 0.5

now we can calculate 2pq in p² + 2pq + q², which is the frequency for heterozygous carriers of sickle cell anaemia,

∴ 2pq = 2 x 0.5 x 0.5 = 0.5

and the homozygous normal cell individuals proportion is given by the expression,

∴ p² = 0.5² = 0.25

hence, the carriers for sickle cell anaemia are in proportion, 0.5, or 50%.