Both men and women conceived during the widespread famine of the Dutch Hunger Winter were more likely to be obese by age 5050 and more likely to die from stroke or cardiovascular disease. They also experienced more cognitive decline later in life. Fifteen genetic loci associated with growth and metabolic disease were compared between siblings prenatally exposed to the famine and those siblings who were not prenatally exposed. 1. What evidence suggests that these are epigenetic effects?

a. missense mutations within genes encoding histone proteins
b. single nucleotide polymorphisms within loci involved in growth and metabolic disease
c. transposon insertion into loci involved in growth and metabolic disease
d. changes in the methylation patterns of loci involved in growth and metabolic disease

2. Which additional pieces of evidence would help to demonstrate that these effects are due to epigenetic changes?

a. changes in the post-translational modification of metabolic enzymes
b. differences in the expression of metabolic genes
c. mutations in the DNA regions associated with cardiovascular health
d. changes in histone acetylation patterns