Astudent designs an experiment to test substances x, y, and z, to determine which one is a catalyst for the reaction: a + b ® c. only one of the unknown substances is a catalyst, and the others are nonreactive with a, b, or c. when 10 ml of a is added to 10 ml of b, the reaction takes twenty seconds. bubbles form when the product c is created. the student prepares three test tubes, each containing both reactants a and b. she adds unknowns x, y, and z to test tubes 1, 2, and 3, respectively. she then times the reaction in each test tube from the point when the unknown is added until bubbling stops. how can the student identify the catalyst? the test tube that stops bubbling first contains the catalyst. the test tube that produces the most bubbles contains the catalyst. the test tube that bubbles the longest contains the catalyst. the test tube that does not bubble contains the catalyst.

it creates acid rain

step 1: initiation

initiation is the beginning of transcription. it occurs when the enzyme rna polymerase binds to a region of a gene called the promoter. this signals the dna to unwind so the enzyme can ‘‘read’’ the bases in one of the dna strands. the enzyme is now ready to make a strand of mrna with a complementary sequence of bases.

step 2: elongation

elongation is the addition of nucleotides to the mrna strand. rna polymerase reads the unwound dna strand and builds the mrna molecule, using complementary base pairs. there is a brief time during this process when the newly formed rna is bound to the unwound dna. during this process, an adenine (a) in the dna binds to an uracil (u) in the rna.

step 3: termination

termination is the ending of transcription, and occurs when rna polymerase crosses a stop (termination) sequence in the gene. the mrna strand is complete, and it detaches from dna.