Which respiratory disease in which sufferers are often called "pink puffers," is characterized by enlarged alveoli, lung inflammation, and fibrosis of the lungs?

The correct answer is emphysema.
This respiratory disease occurs when alveoli get enlarged, and thus cause chronic lung inflammation and later on lung fibrosis as well. This person then finds it extremely hard to breathe properly, as airways tend to collapse during expiration.

The salt in the sea water dehydrated the sailor because her body could not take in the amount to salt in the sea water