New alleles can be created in all of the following ways, except by a) removing a dna base at a point in the gene. b) the addition or removal of a chromosome by a meiosis error. c) substituting a dna base at a point in the gene, with a different one. d) mixing segments of the same gene, from two parents, during crossing-over in meiosis.

Option B, the addition or removal of a chromosome by a meiosis error.

Explanation:

Any change in the total chromosome number in any species lead to development of chromosomal disorder.  

For creating new alleles, it is essential to induce a change in the nucleotide sequence of the DNA of any organism. This is basically done before, after or during the cell division.  

The common methods of changing the nucleotide sequence of DNA is through insertion, deletion, or substitution of nucleotide sequence in any gene sequence.

Hence, option B is correct

answer: - few nutrients

high pressure

low temperatures

explanation: 1. few nutrients:   open-ocean zone is located way far from the land, which is the main source of the essential nutrients.2. high pressure: pressure increases by 1 atmosphere for every 10 meters increase in depth.3. ample sunlight: a large fraction of the sunlight is reflected back to the atmosphere from the sea surface. 4. varying salinity: below the thermocline, the water is isolated from the atmosphere so the salinity remains stable over the year.5. low temperatures:   the temperature of open-ocean zone ranges from a low of -2°c to an average of 17°c

. the sierra madre fault zone of southern california

. the san andreas fault california