The contraction of auricular muscles around the ear produces a range of motions in the ears of domesticated animals as well as the macaque monkey and most other monkeys. to these muscular motions, the ears act as antennae and can be used to sense danger and locate prey. humans and other primates such as the orangutan and chimpanzee have ear muscles that are minimally developed and non-functional. how are these vestigial ear muscles an example of natural selection?

a) the contraction of auricular muscles around the ear produces a range of motions in the ears of domesticated animals as well as the macaque monkey and most other monkeys. to these muscular motions, the ears act as antennae and can be used to sense danger and locate prey. humans and other primates such as the orangutan and chimpanzee have ear muscles that are minimally developed and non-functional. how are these vestigial ear muscles an example of natural selection?

b) most primates are not victims of predators and they are not predators themselves so they do not need this trait.

c) in most primates, the inability to move the ear has been replaced by the ability to stand upright on two legs.

d) a muscle attached to the ear that cannot move the ear has no function.

The correct answer is letter C, in most primates, the inability to move the ear has been replaced by the ability to stand upright on two legs. This is because movement was much of a need to these primates than hunting for food. They needed to be agile to locate specific places where sources of food are abundant.

Environmental science studies the interactions between the physical, chemical, and biological components of the environment, including their effects on all types of organisms. earth science (also known as geoscience), is an inclusive term for all sciences related to earth (geology, meteorology, oceanogr maphy, etc).  although environmental and earth science cover essentially the same material, environmental science places greater emphasis on the biological realm, while earth science places greater emphasis on the physical realm.    environmental and earth science study the interactions of four major systems or “spheres” (figure 8.6).  the  geosphere  consists of the core, mantle and crust of the earth.the  atmosphere  contains all of the earth’s air and is divided into troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere and ionosphere.the  hydrosphere  contains all of the solid, liquid and gaseous water on earth, extending from the depths of the sea to the upper reaches of the troposphere where water is found.  ninety-seven percent of the hydrosphere is found in salty oceans, and the remainder is found as vapor or droplets in the atmosphere and as liquid in ground water, lakes, rivers, glaciers and snowfields.  the  biosphere  is the collection of all earth’s life forms, distributed in major life zones known as biomes:   tundra, boreal forest, temperate deciduous forest, temperate grassland, desert, savannah, tropical rainforest, chaparral, freshwater, and marine.although the four systems have their unique identities, there is substantial interaction between them.  environmental scientists study the effects of events in one sphere on the other spheres. for example, a volcanic eruption in the geosphere may cause profound direct and indirect effects on the hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere as follows: example 1 (volcano)    on may 18, 1980, mount saint helens, in the state of washington, erupted.  this event altered the surrounding environment, and provided scientists with an opportunity to study the effects of volcanic eruptions on the geosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere.  such studies are vital because volcanic eruptions will continue to occur, and will have increasing impact on humans as people continue to settle lands closer to dormant volcanoes. the following are but a few of the myriad of interactions resulting from a volcanic