The order of the stages of primary succession beginning with glacial retreat as seen at glacier bay, alaska, are

Primary succession takes place when barren land is exposed and made available for plant growth.

The first step is the retreat of the glacier. Next, pioneer species begin to inhabit the exposed land. These species include lichens and they break down rocks and create soil. Some years later, more complex plants start growing in the soil and insects also begin to inhabit it. The remains of all of these organisms add nutritional value to the soil. As soil thickens, more complex plants and animals inhabit the region, until finally, the soil is thick enough for entire forests to grow.

Proteins are the workhorses of the cell, controlling virtually every reaction within as well as providing structure and serving as signals to other cells. proteins are long chains of  amino acids  , and the exact sequence of the amino acids determines the final structure and function of the protein. instructions for that sequence are encoded in  genes  . to make a particular protein, a messenger ribonucleic acid (mrna) copy is made from the gene (in the process called  transcription  ), and the mrna is transported to the  ribosome  . protein synthesis, also called  translation  , begins when the two ribosomal subunits link onto the mrna. this step, called initiation, is followed by elongation, in which successive amino acids are added to the growing chain, brought in by transfer rnas (trnas). in this step, the ribosome reads the  nucleotides  of mrna three by three, in units called  codons  , and matches each to three nucleotides on the trna, called the anticodon. finally, during termination, the ribosome unbinds from the mrna, and the  amino acid  chain goes on to be processed and folded to make the final, functional protein