Which of the following is a process that occurs only in the biosphere?

If the first nucleotide after the promoter on the bottom dna strand in the simulation is changed from c to t, what would the resulting nucleotide be on the mrna? test your prediction by making the change and running the simulation.

Salmonella typhimurium is a food-borne bacterial pathogen that can cause severe gastrointestinal disease. salmonella is often phagocytosed by macrophages that normally destroy bacterial pathogens, but this bacterium is somehow able to prevent the complete maturation of phagolysosomes. salmonella is able to tolerate the low ph of phagolysosomes, and in fact responds to the drop in ph by secreting toxins that interfere with other cellular responses. which of the following differences would you expect to contribute to the survival of a bacterium within an salmonella-containing phagosome, compared to a healthy phagolysosome? decreased activity of acid hydrolases increased activity of acid hydrolases decreased import of h+ ions increased import of h+ ions my guess is decreased activity of acid hydrolases but i'm not sure.

Astudent observes a star from two positions of earth in its orbit, in summer and winter, and measures the change in the position of the star. which of these can be best calculated by this method?