Giraffes use their extremely long necks to reach the leaves high up on acacia trees, which other animals cannot reach, giving them a food source for which they have few competitors. what can you conclude about natural selection from this observation?

a. giraffe necks get longer over a lifetime of stretching, and their offspring inherit the longer necks of their parents.
b. all giraffes are born with short necks and, eating acacia leaves causes them to stretch over a lifetime.
c. other animals will mimic the giraffe and grow longer necks.
d. the giraffes with the longest necks survive and produce offspring.

d. The giraffes with the longest necks survive and produce offspring.

Natural selection can be defined as a differential survival and reproduction. In this the organism having a favorable phenotypic advantage has better chances of survival and reproduction as compared to the other. The given situation is an example of natural selection. The long neck of giraffes is a phenotypic advantage that helps in deriving food as compared to it's competing herbivorous species. Thus, giving them a chance to survive and produce offsprings.  

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ans.

dna fingerprinting is defined as a process that determines the dna characteristics of an individual. these dna characteristics are unique among individuals as their fingerprints, so it is known as dna fingerprinting.

steps of dna fingerprinting includes extraction of dna from sample, amplification of dna, restriction digestion of amplified dna, and then analysis of dna by gel electrophoresis, respectively.

thus, the next step performed by the scientist is 'to cut the amplified dna (obtained by polymerase chain reaction) by restriction enzymes that cleave the dna into fragments and their analysis.'