Before 1800, most peppered moths in england were light–colored. during the industrial revolution, soot and industrial wastes darkened tree trunks. gradually, the light–colored moths became rare, and the dark–colored ones became abundant. what role did natural selection play?

Natural selection allowed physically fit dark colored moths to survive and mate to produce more physically fit offspring.

Explanation:

Due to their dark color, the dark colored moths were not identified by their predators easily. However, the light colored moths were easily identified and preyed upon.  

In this way the population of light colored moths reduced largely, thereby allowing more and more mating of light colored moth with dark colored moth or mating of dark colored moth with another dark colored moth so that environmentally fit offspring could be produced which have the capability to save themselves from the predator or any other harm.  

In this way natural selection allowed a shift in color of moth from lighter shade to a darker shade.  

relative dating involves things like higher layers are most recent than rocks lower in the sequence. this can be extended to the known sequence of fossils. rocks containing rabbit fossils are later than those containing dinosaur fossils.  

absolute dating methods mainly use radioactive elements that have known rates of decay and produce recognizable products. for example potassium 40 decays to produce argon. once a rock has solidified the argon is trapped. by measuring the argon and potassium0 you can get an accurate number for the age.  

some other methods are good for archaeological ages. dendrochronology involves recognizing the sequence of tree rings. the orientation of magnetized particles in baked clay can be used to date a fire.

hope this .. .

the solute can move "downhill," from regions of higher to lower concentration, relying on the specificity of the protein carrier to pass through the membrane. this process is called passive transport or facilitated diffusion, and does not require energy.