Help:/ Part 1: Comprehension Questions
1. What are two things mentioned in the reading that can happen that might affect an ecosystem?
2. Define ecological succession.
3. What is primary succession?
4. Describe an example of primary succession.
5. What is a pioneer species?
6. How long might it take for an ecosystem to become balanced?
7. What happens when an ecosystem is in equilibrium?
8. Define climax community.
9. Name two things that can disrupt a community.
10. What is secondary succession?

1.  One community replacing another as a result of changing abiotic and biotic factors. Establishment of a community in an area of bare rock that does not have topsoil. Lava flow destroys an ecosystem and hardens into bare rock. 2. Ecological succession is the process that describes how the structure of a biological community (that is, an interacting group of various species in a desert, forest, grassland, marine environment, and so on) changes over time. 3.Primary succession, type of ecological succession (the evolution of a biological community's ecological structure) in which plants and animals first colonize a barren, lifeless habitat. 4.   Primary succession occurs when new land is formed or bare rock is exposed, providing a habitat that can be colonized for the first time. For example, primary succession may take place following the eruption of volcanoes, such as those on the Big Island of Hawaii. As lava flows into the ocean, new rock is formed. 5. Pioneer species are hardy species which are the first to colonize barren environments or previously biodiverse steady-state ecosystems that have been disrupted, such as by fire. Some lichens grow on rocks without soil, so may be among the first of life forms, and break down the rocks into soil for plants. 6. THIRTY TO ONE HUNDRED YEARS . 7. Ecological balance has been defined by various online dictionaries as "a state of dynamic equilibrium within a community of organisms in which genetic, species and ecosystem diversity remain relatively stable, subject to gradual changes through natural succession." and "A stable balance in the numbers of each species . A healthy ecosystem is said to be in equilibrium, which is a relatively stable state that keeps population sizes within a sustainable range (not too many of a certain species alive or dead). ... Some bears will starve and fewer cubs will be able to prosper, leading to a smaller overall population the next year. 8.A climax community is the last stage in succession, a stage where an ecosystem reaches a stable state. It is a mature ecosystem. ... Climax communities are stable. 9.  Disturbances such as fire or flood can disrupt a community. After a disturbance, new species of plants and animals might occupy the habitat. Over time, the species belonging to the climax community are likely to return.  10. Secondary succession, type of ecological succession (the evolution of a biological community's ecological structure) in which plants and animals recolonize a habitat after a major disturbance—such as a devastating flood, wildfire, landslide, lava flow, or human activity (e.g., farming or road or building construction)— ... brainliest? plzz

Explanation:

answer: ice crystals in air

the water from the water body or another source of water gets evaporated as water vapor as an effect of heat on water. these water vapor rises in the upper layers of the earth atmosphere under high atmospheric pressure. the atmospheric pressure of these water molecules starts to decrease due to the effect of cold air. the invisible water vapor condenses into visible water droplets and ice crystals.these ice crystals and water droplets being less denser than the surrounding air floats on air as clouds.

c. heat from the poles back down towards the equator.