In genes which exhibit rho-independent transcription termination, if a mutation(s) prevents hairpin loop formation, which of the following could occur?

the transcript may become shorter than normal.

the transcript may become longer than normal.

the rho protein won't dissociate from the dna.

rna polymerase won't dissociate from the dna.

a and c

b and d

all of the above

It is believed that europa, one of jupiter’s moons has an ocean beneath its surface. based on how earth’s oceans and atmosphere are believed to have formed, what can be said about europa’s supposed ocean? the arrival of in the early days of europa’s existence could have formed its ocean. it is likely that the water experienced , similar to earth. it is also possible that this water is retained beneath europa’s surface and in its atmosphere due to europa’s .