How exactly did life begin?

Rocks

Explanation:

life began at least 3.5 billion years ago, because that is the age of the oldest rocks with fossil evidence of life on earth. These rocks are rare because subsequent geologic processes have reshaped the surface of our planet, often destroying older rocks while making new ones.

european union policies. the eu's long-term objective is to achieve levels of air quality that do not result in unacceptable impacts on, and risks to, human health and the environment. eu policies aim to reduce exposure to air pollution by reducing emissions and setting limits and target values for air quality.

the main environmental problems in western europe were: energy production/acid rain, nuclear power/waste, air pollution/climate, heavy metals, pesticides, water pollution, solid waste, and unforeseen accidents. many environmental problems are common to most european countries.

b - the respond is innate and varies over time.

good luck!