How fast or slow are particles/atoms moving in the solid phase?

In a solid atoms are packaged tightly together and move slowly

answer:

convection currents in the magma drive plate tectonics. heat generated from the radioactive decay of elements deep in the interior of the earth creates magma (molten rock) in the aesthenosphere. the aesthenosphere (70 ~ 250 km) is part of the mantle, the middle sphere of the earth that extends to 2900 km.

it has to be understood that the sea water contains a huge amount of sodium and chlorine ions and if they enter the cell of the atlantic cod fish, the cell will shrivel and the fish will die. to avoid such a condition, the fish uses active transport for the purpose of removing the ions against the gradient.

explanation:

the atlantic cod is not a maritime osmoconformer. its native application of salts is less than that of the seawater it lives in. it is continually falling water from the gills to the ocean via osmosis.

countering that, the fish is going to be swallowing seawater. but since its internal collection of salts is lower than seawater, the fish will want to go free of excess salt, and since that's going upon a gradient, then active transport, requiring energy, must be used to pump out the salt. much marine fish use the organs to filter out the salt and these fish discharge very straight urine.