Adaptations of the chloroplast​

Chloroplasts are the ’solar energy plants’ of a cell – they convert light energy into chemical energy

This chemical energy may be either ATP (light dependent) or organic compounds (light independent)

Only photosynthetic tissue possess chloroplasts (e.g. is present in leaves but not roots of plants)

Chloroplasts are thought to have once been independent prokaryotes that were internalised by eukaryotes via endosymbiosis

They have a double membrane structure (due to vesicular coating as part of the endocytotic process)

They have their own DNA (circular and naked) and ribosomes (70S)

Their metabolic processes are susceptible to certain antibiotics

The structure of the chloroplast is adapted to the function it performs:

Thylakoids – flattened discs have a small internal volume to maximise hydrogen gradient upon proton accumulation 

Grana – thylakoids are arranged into stacks to increase SA:Vol ratio of the thylakoid membrane

Photosystems – pigments organised into photosystems in thylakoid membrane to maximise light absorption

Stroma – central cavity that contains appropriate enzymes and a suitable pH for the Calvin cycle to occur

Lamellae – connects and separates thylakoid stacks (grana), maximising photosynthetic efficiency

Explanation:

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The adaptions of the chloroplast are thykalods which increases hydrogen gradient protons, it also has pigments that make light rlly large which is called photosystems :3

Explanation:

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