In your own words , describe how genetic drift , bottlenecks , and the founders' effect csn result in speciation:

- Genetic drift: speciation by the accumulation of mutations  

- Bottlenecks: the emergence of subpopulations genetically distinct to the original species may contribute to speciation

- Founders' effects: new environments contribute to the emergence of genetic changes and therefore drive evolutionary processes such as speciation

Explanation:

Genetic drift is an evolutionary mechanism in which the allele frequencies in the population change by chance over time. This mechanism can facilitate the emergence of new species due to the accumulation of mutations and population subdivision. Moreover, a bottleneck is a genetic phenomenon associated with a drastic reduction in the size of a population. A genetic bottleneck may lead to the loss of genetic variation and consequently also speciation through population subdivision. Finally, a founder-effect can be defined as an event associated with the colonization of a new environment, which may lead to rapid genetic changes and thus favor evolution (speciation).

the element that provides strength to the exoskeletons of clams and oysters is phosphorus.

this is so because calcium carbonate is the main component in the shells. calcium carbonate is strengthened by phosphorus.

explanation: