Plz help asap! How do membrane proteins contribute to the membrane potential? The sodium potassium pump results in a net positive charge that stores energy as voltage.
The proton pump results in the repulsion of cations to the negative intracellular membrane.
The attraction of anions inside of the cell contributes to the positive extracellular environment.
Aquaporins result in a combination of positive charges intracellularly and negative charges extracellularly.

On a recent expedition to a remote region of northern canada, scientists uncovered skeletal remains from about 100,000 years ago. surprisingly, all the skeletal remains, which included many species from differing biological families and spanned about two thousand years, showed evidence of experiencing temperatures in excess of 1000 degrees fahrenheit (or 538 degrees celsius). which of the following, if true, best explains the apparent paradox between the cold environment and the evidence of the bones experiencing hot temperatures? (a) chemical changes that naturally occur during the process of decay in only one north canadian species produce the same evidence of the species' skeletons being exposed to hot temperatures as the expedition scientists found. (b) a little over 103,000 years ago, a large fire is known to have occurred in northern canada. (c) strong evidence exists that as early as 70,000 years ago, homo sapiens around the world relied heavily on fire to cook animals. (d) in the same expedition and in roughly the same layer of excavation, scientists found rudimentary wood cutting and hunting tools used by early humans.

1) strawberry plants typically reproduce by making runners, which are miniature versions of themselves, that grow off of the roots and stems of the parent. this type of vegetative reproduction is known as a) pollination. b) fragmentation. c) binary fission. d) vegetative propogation.

Amino acids contain the elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur. of the 20 amino acids found in humans, 11 are called "nonessential" because they can be manufactured by the body when needed. which elements in these 11 amino acids are commonly obtained from the metabolism of sugar molecules?