How many gene pairs are needed to affect skin color?

 At least four pairs of alleles are involved in skin color, and there are nine (or more) shades of skin color. The bionomial expansion (a + b)6 can also be used to display the cross in Table 1, where the letter a represents the number of capital letters and the letter b represents the number of small case letters.

Explanation:

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label a cell membrane

label b cytoplasm

label c ribosomes

label d dna

the membrane forms the outside of the cell

cytoplasm is the liquid within

ribosomes are the components within that distribute rna

the dna is the genetic make-up