Intracellular Ca2 oscillations, initiated by the activation of IP3 receptors and orchestrated via intricate positive and negative feedback loops, can be subject to frequency modulation, an example of which is the increase in oscillation frequency with increasing stimulus strength. Caffeine is known to bind to and sensitize the ryanodine receptors, resulting in their opening in response to lower calcium ion concentrations. Do you think caffeine would tend to increase or decrease the frequency of calcium ion oscillations in stimulated cells

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ans.

in united states (us), the first leading cause of death for both women and men is heart diseases that leads to more than half of the deaths. heart diseases develop due to narrow arteries, buildup of plaque in blood capillaries that arises difficulties in blood flow.

the second leading cause of deaths in us is cancer that affects individuals of all ages. it develops due to uncontrolled growth and spread of tumor cells, which results in death if the not controlled or treated.

the third leading cause of deaths in us is copd or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. it includes difficulty in breathing, chest infections, and persistent cough. smocking is a leading cause of copd and around 80% of copd deaths occur due to smoking.

thus, the correct answer is 'option). cancer, copd, and heart disease.'