Would the light reactions be affected if there were no concentration gradient of protons across the thylakoid membrane?

Q: a: in sexually reproducing animals, once fertilization of the egg takes place, the exists as a single cell until cell division begins

Several bird species feed in a certain species of tree. each bird species feeds in a different part of the tree. which statement is true of these bird species? a. they have adapted to different niches due to competition b. they have a carnivorous relationship with the tree species. c. they have adapted to different niches due to predation d. they have a symbiotic relationship with the tree species.

A60-tooth gear is connected to a 72-tooth gear.if the smaller gear turns 12 times,how many turns does the larger gear make?