Which of the following statements best justifies the claim that the processes carried out by the fungus are consistent with the second law of thermodynamics? a) The total amount of energy in the universe increases when the fungus decomposes a dead organism.
b) The total amount of energy in the universe decreases when the fungus breaks large molecules down into smaller ones.
c) The total amount of entropy in the universe decreases when the fungus builds large biological molecules from smaller molecules.
d) The total amount of entropy in the universe increases when heat is released from the fungus Into the environment.

One group of reptiles, characterized by the fossil ark metal x

What does gradualism and punctuated equilibrium have in common

With the description of the different cell walls, membranes, and associated proteins set in the students' minds, you now need to introduce them to the idea that the cell wall can also act as a foundation to build things upon. bacterial appendages require a strong foundation that will offer the support needed to move and function in a dynamic world. for example, flagella are long, whiplike protein structures that are used by many gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria for locomotion. in order to function effectively, a flagellum must be firmly anchored to the cell wall. how will you be able to get across the idea that the peptidoglycan cell wall is strong enough to support such a mechanism? with a protein rod that passes through the cell wall and protein rings used to anchor it in the membranes, these basal bodies are the rudimentary biological motors that use atp power to spin the hook and the flagella attached to it. bacterial flagella have a biological motor that spins within the cell wall and is powered by atp. this allows the flagella to spin in a whiplike motion to propel the bacterium.