What are the chromosomes called when they look like Xs

I think you're referring to the Metaphase...

Explanation:

During Cell Division (or, rather before!) the DNA needs to be replicated. This normally is done by DNA Polymerase, and results in two identical double strands (the "Sister Chromatids".

These chromatids are held together at the Centromere, which will be the heart of the "X"-shape. After that the DNA is packed into Chromosomes by winding it around proteins called Histones. If I remember correctly there are 5 different Histones.

This "Zipping Up" makes the chromosomes more visible.

As the two sister chromatids are still connected, the result is the X-shaped Metaphase Chromosome

the framers of the constitution insisted that federal judges be nominated instead of elected due to their desire to have judges above the shifting whims of the masses.

the hope, whether achieved or not, was that federal judges would only be beholden to the law and that by not having judges be elected, they would be protected if that law dictated an outcome that ran counter to popular opinion.

the offspring would all be white. if the parents are both white flowers then they have the genotype rr, which when crossed results in an all white punnet square.