Explain why transboundary environmental threats like pollution are a problem for both parties, even if one community is principally responsible for the pollution.

on island x the species needed to adapt because they were being subject to predators which didn't inhabit island y.  

look at this it will give you up to 17 answers  

passive transport is a movement of biochemicals and other atomic or molecular substances across cell membranes without need of energy input. unlike active transport, it does not require an input of cellular energy because it is instead driven by the tendency of the system to grow in entropy.

so, according to what that says, i believe it's hypertonic and hypotonic.

good luck!