23. Air and water pollution from industrial waste is a major global challenge, and is largely driven by societal needs and wants. Biochemists know that plants function as small chemical factories, yet produce no toxic waste. These tiny factories in plants are everywhere, synthesizing carbohydrates from photosynthesis, utilizing cellular respiration for energy production, and producing food for animals all at the same time. How can this knowledge, along with modern technology, best be applied to reduce industrial pollution?

step 1: initiation

initiation is the beginning of transcription. it occurs when the enzyme rna polymerase binds to a region of a gene called the promoter. this signals the dna to unwind so the enzyme can ‘‘read’’ the bases in one of the dna strands. the enzyme is now ready to make a strand of mrna with a complementary sequence of bases.

step 2: elongation

elongation is the addition of nucleotides to the mrna strand. rna polymerase reads the unwound dna strand and builds the mrna molecule, using complementary base pairs. there is a brief time during this process when the newly formed rna is bound to the unwound dna. during this process, an adenine (a) in the dna binds to an uracil (u) in the rna.

step 3: termination

termination is the ending of transcription, and occurs when rna polymerase crosses a stop (termination) sequence in the gene. the mrna strand is complete, and it detaches from dna.

fossil's are like over rated rocks like low key not gonna lie i don't get why we can't just call them old rocks like for real i mean i call my grandpa and grandma that smh

it is called the mitotic spindle