A biologist studying plant cells is comparing organelles that can only produce ATP in the presence of light to organelles that can produce ATP in the dark. These organelles, respectively, are A) chloroplasts and mitochondria B) stroma and chloroplasts C) peroxisomes and mitochondria D) stroma and peroxisomes

A) Chloroplast and Mitochondria

Explanation:

1) Chloroplast synthesizes ATP by Photosynthesis. It bounded by a double membrane structure. This double  membrane structure is called the chloroplast envelope. The inner membrane of the chloroplast encloses the interior of the chloroplast which is called the stroma. Inside the stroma there is another membrane system called the thylakoids. This is a network of flattened disc like structures bounded by a third membrane, the thylakoid membrane. The energy from light is captured by chlorophyll molecules causing electrons in the chlorophyll to become "excited". These electrons are then passed along an electron transport chain in the thylakoid membrane. This process pumps protons into the lumen of the thylakoids, creating a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane. As the protons flow back across the membrane via ATPase, the energy released is used to synthesize ATP.

2) Mitochondria produces ATP by respiration using oxygen available within the cell convert chemical energy from food in the cell to energy. The process is called oxidative phosphorylation and it happens inside mitochondria. In the matrix of mitochondria the reactions known as the citric acid or Krebs cycle produce a chemical called NADH. NADH is then consumed by enzymes present in the mitochondrial inner membrane to generate Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP). In ATP the energy is stored in the form of chemical bonds. These bonds can be opened and the energy will be consumed.

it takes hundreds of years to become stable.

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c. heat from the poles back down towards the equator.