1. Explain how a bacteriostatic antibiotic is useful even if it does not result in the death of the pathogen. 2. Give an example of when you would want to use a broad-spectrum antibiotic and when you would want to use a narrow-spectrum antibiotic. Give a disadvantage to using a broad-spectrum antibiotic.
3. Explain how organisms can develop resistance to chemical disinfectants.
4. Describe how avoiding the use of antibiotics for viral infections can prevent the spread of antibioticresistance.

1- the bacteriostatic effect refers to the fact that they stop the metabolism of pathogenic bacteria, which means that they do not reproduce, do not colonize and do not generate the disease.

Bacteria in order to trigger a pathogenic response need to comply with their metabolism and this does not happen in the bacteriostatic effect.

2- Broad spectrum antibiotics where the patient's life is at risk, difficulty swallowing or breathing, and in infections that involve many planes or we are facing an extremely complex buofilm.

Low-spectrum antibiotic, in mild, focal infectious diseases that do not compromise the systemic factor and are suspected of simple or little complex pathogens.

3-Through mechanisms and virulence factors that are transmitted between them. One mechanism is sporulation, the change of essential metabolite, among others.

4- Prevents the spread and resistance because it reduces the bacterial load of pathogenic bacteria that in the future could form bacteruphages.

Explanation:

Broad spectrum antibiotics cover many bacteria, that is, they kill many bacteria of different families and even characteristics, while low spectrum antibiotics are the opposite.

the sugar-phosphate backbone forms the structural framework of nucleic acids, including dna and rna. this backbone is composed of alternating sugar and phosphate groups, and defines directionality of the molecule.

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