Grant is a College who loves to listen to very loud music. When is mother asks him to turn down the music down, Grant usually puts on his headphones instead of actually turning down the volume. During summer vacation Grant and his friends attended many concerts at the Hard Rock Café. One morning after an awesome concert, Grant did not wake up when his mother knocked on the door. He still did not wake up. Finally Grant opened the door when his mother clearly shrilled "Wake Up". Grant told his Mom that he did not hear her knock, but did hear her yell. Did Grant really not hear her knock or was he just trying to get more sleep. Answer the Following Questions in order: Number each response. The submission must be in APA format. 1. The ear is composed of a series of transducers that convert air waves (vibrations) into nerve impulses that the brain interprets as sounds. (2pt)
a. What is the amplitude of the sound wave that represents hearing?
b. What is the frequency or the wavelength of the sound wave for human hearing?
2. What cranial nerve associated with the ear? Describe its anatomy & physiology. (2pts)
3. The ear is divided into three regions: outer, middle, and inner. Name the structures in each region and describe how each structure functions to convert vibrations in the air into messages that the brain interprets as sound. (9pts)
4. The ear contains 2 types of fluid. Name and identify the location of these two fluids. (2pts)
5. Grant says that he no longer hears the base guitar rhythm tracks on his MP3 player. (2pts)
a. What part of the cochlear duct appears to be damaged?
b. Why do you not suspect damage to the tympanic membrane? Case Study: Special Senses22
6. At one concert Grant and his friends dance and spun one another around until they felt dizzy. (4pt)
a. Describe static equilibrium.
b. What part of the ear detects static equilibrium?
c. Describe dynamic equilibriumd. What part of the ear detects dynamic equilibrium?
7. During the flight back to college, Grant experienced excruciating pain in his ears. Upon request the flight attendant brought him chewing gum to relieve the pain. Grant was surprised that chewing the gum relieved the pain. (4pt)
a. What caused Grant’s pain?
b. Was Grant’s pain related to the earlier problem? Explain.
c. Explain why chewing the gum relieved the ear pain?
d. Why would a child with ear tubes NOT suffer from ear pain during a flight in a pressurized air craft cabin.

synovial joints are characterized by the presence of a joint cavity. the walls of this space are formed by the articular capsule, a fibrous connective tissue structure that is attached to each bone just outside the area of the bone’s articulating surface. the bones of the joint articulate with each other within the joint cavity.

friction between the bones at a synovial joint is prevented by the presence of the articular cartilage, a thin layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the entire articulating surface of each bone. however, unlike at a cartilaginous joint, the articular cartilages of each bone are not continuous with each other. instead, the articular cartilage acts like a teflon® coating over the bone surface, allowing the articulating bones to move smoothly against each other without damaging the underlying bone tissue. lining the inner surface of the articular capsule is a thin synovial membrane. the cells of this membrane secrete synovial fluid (synovia = “a thick fluid”), a thick, slimy fluid that provides lubrication to further reduce friction between the bones of the joint. this fluid also provides nourishment to the articular cartilage, which does not contain blood vessels. the ability of the bones to move smoothly against each other within the joint cavity, and the freedom of joint movement this provides, means that each synovial joint is functionally classified as a diarthrosis.

outside of their articulating surfaces, the bones are connected together by ligaments, which are strong bands of fibrous connective tissue. these strengthen and support the joint by anchoring the bones together and preventing their separation. ligaments allow for normal movements at a joint, but limit the range of these motions, thus preventing excessive or abnormal joint movements. ligaments are classified based on their relationship to the fibrous articular capsule. an extrinsic ligament is located outside of the articular capsule, an intrinsic ligament is fused to or incorporated into the wall of the articular capsule, and an intracapsular ligament is located inside of the articular capsule.

at many synovial joints, additional support is provided by the muscles and their tendons that act across the joint. a tendon is the dense connective tissue structure that attaches a muscle to bone. as forces acting on a joint increase, the body will automatically increase the overall strength of contraction of the muscles crossing that joint, thus allowing the muscle and its tendon to serve as a “dynamic ligament” to resist forces and support the joint. this type of indirect support by muscles is very important at the shoulder joint, for example, where the ligaments are relatively weak.

additional structures associated with synovial joints

a few synovial joints of the body have a fibrocartilage structure located between the articulating bones. this is called an articular disc, which is generally small and oval-shaped, or a meniscus, which is larger and c-shaped. these structures can serve several functions, depending on the specific joint. in some places, an articular disc may act to strongly unite the bones of the joint to each other. examples of this include the articular discs found at the sternoclavicular joint or between the distal ends of the radius and ulna bones. at other synovial joints, the disc can provide shock absorption and cushioning between the bones, which is the function of each meniscus within the knee joint. finally, an articular disc can serve to smooth the movements between the articulating bones, as seen at the temporomandibular joint. some synovial joints also have a fat pad, which can serve as a cushion between the bones.

equal distribution i think.