Many essential nutrients are transported into plant cells through cotransport with H­+, which flows back into the cytoplasm. Proton pumps in the cell membrane of plant cells actively pump H+ into the extracellular space using energy from ATP hydrolysis. If a toxin that inhibits the plant proton pump is applied, which of the following would be true?

The sodium-potassium pump would cease to operate.
There would be more potential energy outside the cell than inside.
The electrochemical gradient across the cell membrane would be depolarized.
The cotransport of solutes against their concentration gradients would be enhanced.

organisms that lack symmetry are called asymmetrical and belong to phylum porifera/sponges.

organisms with specialized stinging cells belong to phylum cnidaria. stinging cells are called cnidoblast cells.

cnidarians show two morphological forms : polyp (sessile) and medusa (mobile)

filter feeding is observed in porifera members.  

alternation of generation is observed in coelenterata or cnidaria. there is alternation of asexual polyp form and sexual medusoid form. it is also referred as metagenesis.

ecological efficiency: % of usable energy transferred as

biomass from one trophic level to the next typical is 10% efficient (90% of

energy is lost),is diagramed as the pyramid of energy flow. then osprey eagle

are tertiary consumer and the shrimp are primary consumer, so to balance

mass of shrimp (1/0.1) / 0.1 = 100 kg 

wegner's theory did not explain how the continents could move

explanation: