Compare the inputs and outputs of humans and robots in terms of matter and energy.

Which of the following is an example of a non-falsifiable hypothesis? a. there is a teacup orbiting the milky way galaxy. b. there is no life on mars. c. the human species started in africa. d. humans cannot live without the amino acid methionine

Glycogen is an energy-storage molecule in humans. a hormone that is called insulin controls the storage of glycogen in the liver. insulin is made up of amino acids.

The kidney filters potentially toxic substances in the blood, and thus “clears” the blood of those substances. this clearance function is dependent upon and proportional to the diffusion gradient of the substance across filtering capillaries, i.e. if the concentration of the substance is doubled, twice as much will be cleared from each ml of blood that is filtered. suppose that the body produces a constant amount of a substance x per unit of time. the kidneys eliminate substance x at a rate directly proportional to the concentration of the substance and the volume of blood cleared each minute (c): elimination = c × [x], where [x] is the steady-state concentration of substance x. imagine an individual with an initial concentration of x equal to [x]0 who develops kidney disease. her baseline clearance c0 drops to one half of the original (½c0). what is the new steady state concentration of x? (for simplicity, assume that substance x is 100% filtered by the kidney).