What helps the plasma membrane function? channels and chain-like structures O pumps and gelatin-like material O nuclei and endoplasmic reticula O chloroplasts and mitochondria

channels and chain-like structures

Explanation:

The plasma membrane contains channels that favor the transport of materials from both sides, i.e., from the intracellular medium to the extracellular environment. Membrane channels are a class of proteins that enable the passive transport of ions and chemical compounds by using the electrochemical gradient in both sides of the membrane. For example, channel proteins in the cell membrane known as aquaporins enable the transport of water across the cell membrane much more rapidly than by diffusion across this barrier.

answer: land bridge theory. land bridge theory held that shifting portions of dry land explained the finding of identical species on different continents. plate tectonic theory eventually eliminated the land bridge theory.

organ system-an organ system is a group of organs that work together to perform one or more functions. each does a particular job in the body, and is made up of certain tissues.