Pls, hurry! I don't have a lot of time! Explain the concepts of protocooperation, mutualism, commensalism, parasitism? Give an example of each. What is tolerance? Give an example. How do interactions among species influence what exists in a community? Give some examples of positive and negative interactions. How does predation affect a community? What happens when a keystone predator is removed from a community

Protocooperation is where two species interact with each other beneficially; they have no need to interact with each other - they interact purely for the gain that they receive from doing this. It is not at all necessary for protocooperation to occur; growth and survival is possible in the absence of the interaction eg:it  happens between soil bacteria or fungi, and the plants that occur growing in the soil

Mutualism is defined as an interaction between individuals of different species that results in positive (beneficial) effects on per capita reproduction and/or survival of the interacting populations.

eg: The bee and the flower

Commensalism, in biology, a relationship between individuals of two species in which one species obtains food or other benefits from the other without either harming or benefiting the latter. eg: birds,Golden Jackals

parasitism is a symbiotic relationship between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives on or in another organism, the host, causing it some harm, and is adapted structurally to this way of life eg:tapeworms, fleas, and barnacles

Tolerance is being patient, understanding and accepting of anything different. An example of tolerance is Muslims, Christians and Athiests being friends.Species interactions form the basis for many ecosystem properties and processes such as nutrient cycling and food webs. The nature of these interactions can vary depending on the evolutionary context and environmental conditions in which they occur.

Tolerance is the ability to minimize negative effects resulting from herbivory, while resistance ... They provide it with digested leaf material, can sense if a leaf species is harmful

Predation can have large effects on prey populations and on community structure. Predators can increase diversity in communities by preying on competitive dominant species or by reducing consumer pressure on foundation species.

Without its keystone species, the ecosystem would be dramatically different or cease to exist altogether. Keystone species have low functional redundancy. This means that if the species were to disappear from the ecosystem, no other species would be able to fill its ecological niche

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the answers are as following:

1. c. double helix, nucleosome, coil, supercoil, chromosome

2. b. g2 phase, preparation for mitosis

3. d. interphase consists of the g1, s, and g2 phases

4. c. metaphase

5. a. chromosomes are duplicated before cell division so that each new daughter cell has a complete set