Three different small organic ligands can each bind to a protein but only one ligand can bind to the protein at a time. The KD for ligand 1 binding to the protein is 100 nM The KD for ligand 2 binding to the protein is 72 nM The KD for ligand 3 binding to the protein is 9 nM Which of the three ligands binds tightest to the protein?

Explanation:

The binding affinity in ligand binding is measured using the equilibrium dissociation constant (KD).

The larger the dissociation constant value, the more weakly the target molecule and ligand are attracted to and bind to one another.

This, in this case study, the ligand that binds tightest to the protein is ligand 3 with a binding affinity of 9nM followed by Ligand 2 and then 1.

answer: ice crystals in air

the water from the water body or another source of water gets evaporated as water vapor as an effect of heat on water. these water vapor rises in the upper layers of the earth atmosphere under high atmospheric pressure. the atmospheric pressure of these water molecules starts to decrease due to the effect of cold air. the invisible water vapor condenses into visible water droplets and ice crystals.these ice crystals and water droplets being less denser than the surrounding air floats on air as clouds.

measuring light intensity

light meters can be used to measure light intensity. the meter is held at the soil surface and pointed in the direction of the maximum light intensity, and then the meter is read.

errors can be made when measuring light intensity by accidentally shading the light meter. the reliability of the results can be checked by taking many samples.